Building a competitive and sustainable semiconductor sector in the UK: challenges and opportunities
Semiconductor technology is essential to modern life as it forms the foundation of many products and applications, ranging from aviation and healthcare to telecommunications and defense. Advancements in this technology are critical for unlocking future innovations across sectors such as AI, quantum computing, and developing 6G networks.
The semiconductor sector will play a crucial role in driving progress in these areas and enabling the UK government to meet its commitments in areas such as net zero, ensuring robust UK cybersecurity, and fostering leadership in artificial intelligence.
What are the UK's strengths and expertise, and how can we build on these to create a thriving and sustainable sector that can compete on a global scale?
The global semiconductor market and the UK's role
The semiconductor market is a very large industry, which was valued at approximately US$574 billion in 2022. Annually, over 1.1 trillion semiconductors are manufactured worldwide, mainly in East Asia, and distributed across a complex and dispersed supply chain. Consumer electronic devices are expected to drive the growth of the market at a rate of 6% to 8% every year until 2030 (SIA 2023 Factbook)
The UK has a small percentage of the global market (1% - 1.5%). A large percentage of UK firms (95%) are small, having less than 250 employees. Most UK semiconductor firms (approximately 66.6% ) are fabless companie (Data provided by the Silicon Catalyst.) The UK’s semiconductor industry is relatively small compared to the US, the EU, and other Asian countries. Furthermore, the UK does not have an end-to-end supply chain in semiconductors, making it particularly fragile to supply chain disruptions.
However, despite its small overall size, the UK semiconductor sector has significant academic and industrial know-how in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) post-processing and innovative chip architectures. The industry has strong capabilities in various packaging technologies, including radio frequency and power, and a wealth of knowledge in advanced heterogeneous 2.5D/3D packaging technologies. The UK is also skilled in compound semiconductor materials, processes, chip design, and intellectual property across various applications.
Key challenges
It's crucial to address the key challenges that hinder the UK's ability to build a competitive semiconductor industry. These challenges include:
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Skills shortages - the UK faces a critical skills gap and retention issues due to a shortage of skilled workers in the semiconductor sector. The sector requires a diverse range of specialist skills, but unfortunately, some of these skills are in extremely short supply in the UK. This shortage limits the ability of organisations, especially smaller companies, to innovate and scale up. Furthermore, comparatively lower salaries and high cost of living in the UK make it less attractive to international talent, further exacerbating the problem.
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Lack of adequate allocation of resources and investment to scale up - there is currently a mis-balance between capital for scaling-up and R&D investment in the UK to support next-generation compound semiconductor and packaging developments with most of the investment allocated to R&D. The risk is that without scaling-up support, users will be driven overseas for production and (increasingly) for design in order to achieve a smooth transfer to manufacture.
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Inadequate facilities - the UK semiconductor industry lacks adequate facilities for silicon processing. To scale up, collaboration with high-volume production foundries abroad is necessary. This requires the use of compatible processes and materials. The lack of commonality between prototyping facilities and volume manufacturing leads to complexity, cost, and time issues. Additionally, accessing academic or commercial facilities is difficult due to low visibility of existing infrastructure in the UK.
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Lack of supply of certain critical semiconductor materials - there is a lack of reliability and security in the supply of basic materials used for packaging. As a result, there is no source for silicon carbide (SiC) substrates in the UK, and there are currently US export control restrictions for the same material. This leads to long lead times for material delivery and variations in quality.
Opportunities for growth
Despite these complex challenges, there is much to be optimistic about. The UK has some of the finest semiconductor companies in the world. And, although the UK accounts for a very small percentage of sales of semiconductors across the world, its products have global reach (over 90% of silicon semiconductors created in the UK are exported). (The semiconductor industry in the UK, HC 291, 28 Nov 2022.)
Furthermore, the UK has strong capabilities in IP and chip design, compound semiconductors, and R&D. It also has world-class universities and research activities on different materials and technologies, e.g., silicon and compound processes, advanced packaging processes, and novel chip architectures.
In 2023, the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) commissioned the IfM Engage Consortium to undertake a study into infrastructure for growing the UK semiconductor industry, which is now being used by the Department to inform how it supports the sector by capitalising on these key strengths. The Consortium consisted of Cambridge Econometrics, CSA Catapult, Future Horizons, IfM Engage, Academics from Imperial College, The Photonics Leadership Group, Silicon Catalyst, Semiwise, Techworks, University of Leeds.
It will also be important to consider how the UK can support the emerging field of silicon photonics R&D. This will increase the likelihood of the UK developing niche specialities and core capabilities in photonics technologies and applications. These technologies and applications are expected to be crucial in the fields of AI, communication, and autonomous vehicles.
Furthermore, given the interdependence of different organisations and actors in the sector, and the funding required to remain competitive, national coordination between industry, academia, and government is necessary. This coordination will ensure that the UK invests wisely and effectively addresses the current barriers. It will also ensure that there is sufficient support for skills development and retention. Scale-up funding for the industry will be essential to facilitate growth and develop necessary skills.
IfM Engage is an embedded knowledge transfer company within the Institute for Manufacturing (IfM), University of Cambridge. IfM Engage combines research excellence and industry expertise to conduct bespoke strategic consultancy, talent and leadership development and company membership programmes.
Find out more about IfM Engage and the UK Semiconductor Infrastructure Initiative study here: https://engage.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/uk-semiconductor-infrastructure-initiative-2023/
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techUK – Unleashing UK Tech and Innovation
The UK is home to emerging technologies that have the power to revolutionise entire industries. From quantum to semiconductors; from gaming to the New Space Economy, they all have the unique opportunity to help prepare for what comes next.
techUK members lead the development of these technologies. Together we are working with Government and other stakeholders to address tech innovation priorities and build an innovation ecosystem that will benefit people, society, economy and the planet - and unleash the UK as a global leader in tech and innovation.
For more information, or to get in touch, please visit our Innovation Hub and click ‘contact us’.
Tech and Innovation Summit, 6 Nov (rescheduled date)
Emerging technologies will be debated and explored at our annual Tech and Innovation Summit, taking place on 6 November. This campaign week will directly feed into the themes discussed at the Summit.
techUK’s flagship Tech and Innovation Summit returns to traverse the extraordinary and ground-breaking discoveries made possible by the application of emerging and transformative technologies.
Upcoming events:
Gaming & Esports Technologies of the Future
National Videogame Museum, Sheffield Panel discussion
A Black Lens: Exploring Representation In The Future of Extended Reality (XR)
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Sign-up to get the latest updates and opportunities from our Technology and Innovation and AI programmes.
Learn more about our Unleashing Innovation campaign:
Sprint Campaigns
techUK's sprint campaigns explore how emerging and transformative technologies are developed, applied and commercialised across the UK's innovation ecosystem.
Activity includes workshops, roundtables, panel discussions, networking sessions, Summits, and flagship reports (setting out recommendations for Government and industry).
Each campaign runs for 4-6 months and features regular collaborations with programmes across techUK.
This campaign explored how the UK can lead on the development, application and commercialisation of space technologies and ultimately realise the benefits of the New Space Economy.
These technologies include AI, quantum, lasers, robotics & automation, advanced propulsion and materials, and semiconductors.
Activity has taken the form of roundtables, panel discussions, networking sessions, Summits, thought leadership pieces, policy recommendations, and a report.
Get in touch below to find out more about techUK's ongoing work in this area.
Event round-ups
Report
Insights
Get in touch
Rory Daniels
Rory Daniels
Rory joined techUK in June 2023 after three years in the Civil Service on its Fast Stream leadership development programme.
During this time, Rory worked on the Government's response to Covid-19 (NHS Test & Trace), school funding strategy (Department for Education) and international climate and nature policy (Cabinet Office). He also tackled the social care crisis whilst on secondment to techUK's Health and Social Care programme in 2022.
Before this, Rory worked in the House of Commons and House of Lords alongside completing degrees in Political Economy and Global Politics.
Today, Rory leads techUK's emerging technologies activity across everything from immersive, web3, AI and robotics to space, gaming & metaverse.
This involves co-running techUK's flagship Innovation campaign, managing four series (including the 'Meet the Innovators' interview series), and launching 4-6-month 'sprint campaigns' on transformative technologies and sectors.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- LinkedIn:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/rorydaniels28/
This campaign has explored how the UK can lead on the development, application and commercialisation of the technologies set to underpin the Gaming & Esports sector of the future.
These include AI, augmented / virtual / mixed / extended reality, haptics, cloud & edge computing, semiconductors, and advanced connectivity (5/6G).
Activity has taken the form of roundtables, panel discussions, networking sessions, Summits, and thought leadership pieces. A report featuring member case studies and policy recommendations is currently being produced (to be launched in September 2024).
Get in touch below to find out more about contributing to or collaborating on this campaign.
Upcoming events
Gaming & Esports Technologies of the Future
National Videogame Museum, Sheffield Panel discussionEvent round-ups
Insights
Get in touch
Rory Daniels
Rory Daniels
Rory joined techUK in June 2023 after three years in the Civil Service on its Fast Stream leadership development programme.
During this time, Rory worked on the Government's response to Covid-19 (NHS Test & Trace), school funding strategy (Department for Education) and international climate and nature policy (Cabinet Office). He also tackled the social care crisis whilst on secondment to techUK's Health and Social Care programme in 2022.
Before this, Rory worked in the House of Commons and House of Lords alongside completing degrees in Political Economy and Global Politics.
Today, Rory leads techUK's emerging technologies activity across everything from immersive, web3, AI and robotics to space, gaming & metaverse.
This involves co-running techUK's flagship Innovation campaign, managing four series (including the 'Meet the Innovators' interview series), and launching 4-6-month 'sprint campaigns' on transformative technologies and sectors.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- LinkedIn:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/rorydaniels28/
Running from July to December 2024, this campaign will explore how the UK can lead on the development, application and commercialisation of web3 and immersive technologies.
These include blockchain, smart contracts, digital assets, augmented / virtual / mixed / extended reality, spatial computing, haptics and holograms.
Activity will take the form of roundtables, workshops, panel discussions, networking sessions, tech demos, Summits, thought leadership pieces, policy recommendations, and reports.
Get in touch below to find out more about contributing to or collaborating on this campaign.
Upcoming events
Event round-ups
Guest insights
Get in touch
Rory Daniels
Rory Daniels
Rory joined techUK in June 2023 after three years in the Civil Service on its Fast Stream leadership development programme.
During this time, Rory worked on the Government's response to Covid-19 (NHS Test & Trace), school funding strategy (Department for Education) and international climate and nature policy (Cabinet Office). He also tackled the social care crisis whilst on secondment to techUK's Health and Social Care programme in 2022.
Before this, Rory worked in the House of Commons and House of Lords alongside completing degrees in Political Economy and Global Politics.
Today, Rory leads techUK's emerging technologies activity across everything from immersive, web3, AI and robotics to space, gaming & metaverse.
This involves co-running techUK's flagship Innovation campaign, managing four series (including the 'Meet the Innovators' interview series), and launching 4-6-month 'sprint campaigns' on transformative technologies and sectors.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- LinkedIn:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/rorydaniels28/
Campaign Weeks
Our annual Campaign Weeks enable techUK members to explore how the UK can lead on the development and application of emerging and transformative technologies.
Members do this by contributing blogs or vlogs, speaking at events, and highlighting examples of best practice within the UK's tech sector.
Summits
Tech and Innovation Summit 2023
Tech and Innovation Summit 2024
Laura Foster
Laura Foster
Laura is techUK’s Associate Director for Technology and Innovation.
She supports the application and expansion of emerging technologies, including Quantum Computing, High-Performance Computing, AR/VR/XR and Edge technologies, across the UK. As part of this, she works alongside techUK members and UK Government to champion long-term and sustainable innovation policy that will ensure the UK is a pioneer in science and technology
Before joining techUK, Laura worked internationally as a conference researcher and producer covering enterprise adoption of emerging technologies. This included being part of the strategic team at London Tech Week.
Laura has a degree in History (BA Hons) from Durham University, focussing on regional social history. Outside of work she loves reading, travelling and supporting rugby team St. Helens, where she is from.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- LinkedIn:
- www.linkedin.com/in/lauraalicefoster
Elis Thomas
Elis Thomas
Elis joined techUK in December 2023 as a Programme Manager for Tech and Innovation, focusing on AI, Semiconductors and Digital ID.
He previously worked at an advocacy group for tech startups, with a regional focus on Wales. This involved policy research on innovation, skills and access to finance.
Elis has a Degree in History, and a Masters in Politics and International Relations from the University of Winchester, with a focus on the digitalisation and gamification of armed conflicts.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- Website:
- www.techuk.org/
- LinkedIn:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/elis-thomas-49a1aa1a1/
Rory Daniels
Rory Daniels
Rory joined techUK in June 2023 after three years in the Civil Service on its Fast Stream leadership development programme.
During this time, Rory worked on the Government's response to Covid-19 (NHS Test & Trace), school funding strategy (Department for Education) and international climate and nature policy (Cabinet Office). He also tackled the social care crisis whilst on secondment to techUK's Health and Social Care programme in 2022.
Before this, Rory worked in the House of Commons and House of Lords alongside completing degrees in Political Economy and Global Politics.
Today, Rory leads techUK's emerging technologies activity across everything from immersive, web3, AI and robotics to space, gaming & metaverse.
This involves co-running techUK's flagship Innovation campaign, managing four series (including the 'Meet the Innovators' interview series), and launching 4-6-month 'sprint campaigns' on transformative technologies and sectors.
- Email:
- [email protected]
- LinkedIn:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/rorydaniels28/
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